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FLUENCY READING

Track
A Listen, write, read again, and learn two bonus words. 04
WORD BOX

invasions runes replaced migration modern
represented trade unique ancient dropped

Lost Letters

English is over 1,500 years old. It has changed gradually with time to become a(n)

1. ________________ language of its own. Did you know there used to be more
than twenty-six letters in the alphabet? 2. ________________ between countries
and the 3. ________________ of people have changed the English language.
4. ________________ have changed it, too.

Northern Europeans started invading England around 787. At this time, Old
English began to form. The first English alphabet, called Futhark, was made up of
5. ________________. One of the runes, called thorn, 6. ________________
the sound th. It was eventually 7. ________________ by the letters th because

it looked like another letter.
Around 1000, England was invaded by Western Europeans. From about 1100
to 1500, the people of England spoke Middle English. They used Latin letters,
which are like today’s alphabet.

English slowly spread around the world. Transportation and technology got
better over time. This means people who spoke English could travel farther.
There was more international trade. English changed the languages in many
places. English, too, was changed by the languages in those places.

From about 1500 to 1800, speakers of early 8. ________________ English
used an alphabet of twenty-seven letters. The twenty-seventh letter was the
ampersand, which means and. Since it’s a word and not a sound, it was
9. ________________ from the alphabet. People still use it today, however, and

you can see it on any modern computer keyboard.
Learning 10. ________________ history can help you understand
how English has changed to become the language it is today.

B Do sustained silent reading.

Class reading time: seconds

C How do history books often show the history of something?

a. pictures b. timelines c. movies

16 Fluency Development: Do the activities to improve reading fluency. 17
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