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READING Background This reading is about the history of English.

Track
A Listen and read along. 03

Lost Letters

THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH

The English Language

Middle Early Modern Modern
Old English
English English English
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20002000

Roman Northern Renaissance
Occupation European Invasions Mixing
43-410 787-1000 1400-1600

Central European
Invasions & Western European International
Settlements Invasions Trade 1700-Present
400-1000 1000-1154

The English language has changed a lot over time. Invasions, migrations,

and trade have changed it. English speakers mixed with non-English

speakers. They borrowed words, adopted letters, and learned new sounds.

In 787, Northern Europeans invaded modern-day England. People there

spoke Old English. They created the first English alphabet, called Futhark.

The letters are called runes. One of the runes is called thorn. It represents

the sound th. But thorn looked too similar to the letter p, so it was later

Þ þ

These are the uppercase and lowercase
thorns. It makes the same kind of th sound
you hear in words like thing, thick, and thin. Thorn is still used in Modern Icelandic.

12 Reading Format: Traditional passages in history books often have timelines to easily show the history of something. 13
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